LEED-Green-Associate LEED Green Associate Exam (LEED GA) Questions and Answers

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct of 1992) is a United States government act that set goals, createdmandates, and amended utility laws to increase clean energy use and improve overall energy efficiency in the United States1. The EPAct of 1992 is a baseline standard for the Energyand Atmosphere prerequisite category in LEED v4, which aims to reduce the environmental and economic impacts of excessive energy use and promote the use of renewable and alternative energy sources2. The EPAct of 1992 establishes the minimum energy performancerequirements for buildings, such as lighting power density, HVAC efficiency, and water heating efficiency3. The EPAct of 1992 also provides tax incentives and grants for energy conservationand renewable energy projects1. The EPAct of 1992 was amended by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which updated some of the provisions and standards of the original act4.

LEED credits in the Sustainable Sites category emphasize minimizing light trespass:

“Good exterior lighting design results in the reduction of three forms of light pollution: uplight, glare, and light trespass.”

Light trespass refers to unwanted light spilling over beyond the site boundary, negatively affecting adjacent properties and ecosystems.

Quality transit in LEED refers to public transportation modes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide access to diverse destinations. Bicycles are considered a type of quality transit in LEED, as they meet the criteria of being low-emitting, fuel-efficient, and having a high ridership capacity. Taxis, motorcycles, and single passenger cars are not considered quality transit in LEED, as they have higher emissions, lower fuel efficiency, and lower ridership capacity than bicycles.

An owner who wants to update the interior materials of the office while promoting a healthier indoor work environment using LEED strategies can specify low-emitting materials as one of the strategies to achieve this goal. Low-emitting materials are materials that have low or no emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other pollutants into the indoor air. VOCsare organic chemicals that can evaporate or vaporize at room temperature and can adversely affect the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a building and the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants. Some sources of VOCs in buildings are paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, flooring, furniture, and cleaning products. Specifying low-emitting materials can reduce the exposure and risk of VOCs for the occupants and improve IAQ12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

The increase in air temperature in a developed area resulting from the dark surfaces of roadways, parking lots, and tarred rooftops is known as heat island effect. Heat island effect is a phenomenon whereby urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to the absorption and re-emission of solar heat by man-made surfaces. Heat island effect can have negative impacts on human health, energy consumption, air quality, and climate change. Some strategies to reduce heat island effect include increasing vegetation cover, using reflective or green roofs, using cool or permeable pavements, and enhancing natural ventilation.

Adaptive reuse focuses on repurposing existing materials or elements to reduce construction waste and resource use. Reusing wood floors as wall panels exemplifies this principle, aligning with LEED credits under Materials and Resources​​.

The Integrative Process is most effective during the early design stage of a project. This is when key decisions about the project are being made that can have a significant impact on its sustainability performance. By considering sustainability objectives from the outset, teams can identify opportunities for synergies and cost savings that may not be apparent later in the project. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Reused materials are materials that have been used before and are incorporated into a new building without significant alteration1. They are different from recycled materials, which are materials that have been reprocessed into new products or materials2. Reused materials reduce the demand for new resources and the amount of waste sent to landfills1. LEED v4 encourages the use of reused materials by awarding points for Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials3.

Construction Waste Management | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide1

Why plastic waste is an ideal building material - BBC Future2

LEED v4 | HPAC Engineering3

Graywater refers to wastewater that is not heavily soiled, typically from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines. It does not include water from toilets (which is considered blackwater) or kitchen sinks (which can contain food waste). Graywater can be treated and reused for purposes like landscape irrigation, which can save water and earn LEED points. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The project team should have selected LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System, as the operational and maintenance phase has begun for a newly constructed school in operation for one year and undergoing minor improvements. The LEED rating systems are designed to address the specific needs and characteristics of different types of buildings and projects. The project team should choose the most appropriate rating system for their project based on the scope, scale, and goals of the project. The LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System is intended for buildings that are already in use and want to improve their performance and sustainability through best practices in operation, maintenance, renovation, and occupant engagement1 . References: LEED v4 Green AssociateCandidate Handbook1, LEED v4 O+M Reference Guide

LEED Operations & Maintenance focuses on:

“Green Cleaning – the use of environmentally preferred cleaning practices and materials after occupancy…”

It’s a post-occupancy strategy to maintain indoor environmental quality.

 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds that have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility, and are emitted as gases from certainsolids or liquids1. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects2. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors2. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products, such as paints, solvents, cleaners, fuels, pesticides, building materials, office equipment, etc2. Breathing VOCs can irritate the eyes, nose andthroat, can cause difficulty breathing and nausea, and can damage the central nervous system and other organs3. Some VOCs can cause cancer3. Therefore, VOCs negatively impact the quality of indoor air, which is option B.

An existing LEED certified building located on a college campus is eligible for LEED for Building Operations and Maintenance; Existing Buildings (LEED O+M: EB). This rating system applies to existing buildings that are undergoing improvement work or little to no construction. It focuses on measuring and improving the performance of building operations and maintenance practices in areas such as energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management, indoor environmental quality, transportation, and occupant satisfaction. To be eligible for LEED O+M: EB, a project must meet certain minimum program requirements (MPRs), such as having a reasonable site boundary, being in a permanent location on existing land, being fully operational and occupied for at least one year prior to certification application, and complying with environmental laws and regulations. References: LEED certificationfor existing buildings and spaces6; Maintaining certification7; LEED v4: Building Operations + Maintenance Guide4

LEED certification can provide financial benefits for a building, such as qualification for tax rebates, zoning allowances, and other incentives from local and state governments. These incentives can help offset the initial costs of green building and encourage more projects to pursue LEED . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

 Life-cycle costing is an economic analysis method that considers all costs associated with an asset over its entire life cycle, from acquisition and installation to operation, maintenance, and disposal. In this case, the building manager is comparing the total costs of owning and operating two different boilers over their respective lifetimes. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A charrette is a collaborative workshop that brings together various stakeholders and experts to address a particular design issue, such as sustainability, security, or accessibility. A charrette should take place at the beginning of the project, when the project goals, scope, and budget are being defined, and when the most impact can be made with the least cost. A charrette can help establish a shared vision, identify potential challenges and opportunities, and generate innovative and integrated solutions.

 A Handbook for Planning and Conducting Charrettes for High-Performance Projects, page 1-2; LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 12.

LEED certification is awarded based on the number of points a project earns across several categories of green building performance. The range of points required to achieve the Certified level of certification for the commercial LEED Rating System is 40-49, out of a possible 110points. The other levels of LEED certification are: Silver (50-59 points), Gold (60-79 points), and Platinum (80 or more points)12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Integrative process is a collaborative approach that involves all project stakeholders in the design and decision-making process from the beginning to the end of a project. It aims to optimize the performance, environmental, social, and economic outcomes of a project by considering the interrelationships and synergies between various building and site systems. One of the key aspects of integrative process is to establish feedback loops that allow for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of the project performance during its operation. Therefore, option C is an example of integrative process, while the other options are not directly related to it. References: Integrative process | U.S. Green Building Council, section “Integrative Process”; Understanding Integrative Design in LEED v4, page 1; LEED Integrative Process Credit Explained, section “INTEGRATIVE PROCESS V4 CREDIT OVERVIEW”

According to LEED v4, the commissioning authority (CxA) should be contracted before the end of the Design Development (DD) phase and should be involved in the project team from early in the Schematic Design (SD) phase1.

References := LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide, LEED v4 -U.S. Green Building Council, SBGD - Part D – ConsultantScopes of Work 3. Commissioning Authority, What’s new in LEED V4 – Commissioning Changes - Steven Winter …, LEED ENHANCED COMMISSIONING | Steps and Downloads

Conducting an occupant comfort survey with all building occupants is an effective way to identify occupant comfort issues in a space based on LEED best practices. An occupantcomfort survey is a tool that collects feedback from building occupants about their satisfaction with various aspects of their indoor environment, such as thermal comfort, lighting quality, acoustic quality, air quality, ergonomics, and aesthetics. An occupant comfort survey can help identify areas of improvement and potential solutions for enhancing occupant comfort and well-being. The other options are not effective ways to identify occupant comfort issues in a space based on LEED best practices. Installing energy meters in the building is a strategy that measures energy performance, but does not directly address occupant comfort. Discussing potential issues with building owner is a subjective and limited way of gathering information, as the building owner may not represent the views and experiences of all building occupants. Waiting for occupants to alert facilities management team of issues is a passive and reactive way of addressing occupant comfort, as some occupants may not voice their concerns or may have already suffered from discomfort. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 25; USGBC, [Guide to LEED Certification: Commercial], page 13.

Blackwater is wastewater that contains fecal matter and pathogens, such as from toilets. Greywater is wastewater that is less contaminated, such as from showers, sinks, and washing machines1. However, the classification of kitchen sink wastewater may vary depending on local codes and regulations. Some states and authorities consider kitchen sink wastewater as blackwater because it may contain food waste and germs123. Others consider it as greywater if it meets certain quality standards and is used for beneficial purposes, such as irrigation or toilet flushing45. A CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) is a process to seek clarification on a specific credit or prerequisite in a LEED rating system, but it does not change the definition of blackwater or greywater.

Greywater Reuse | WaterSense | US EPA4

Greywater - California Department of Water Resources5

What Is Greywater? What Is Blackwater? | HomeServe USA1

Grey Water / Reclaimed Water | University of Maryland Extension2

What is meant by the terms Gray water and black water3

Credit Interpretation Requests (CIRs) | U.S. Green Building Council

Light-colored paving and cool roofs refer to materials with higher emissivity and higher albedo. Emissivity is the ability of a material to emit heat that it absorbs, while albedo is a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed. Materials with high emissivity can help reduce heat islands by releasing more of the heat they absorb, while those with high albedo can reflect more sunlight and thus stay cooler. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Low-Impact Development (LID) is an approach to land development that uses various land planning and design practices and technologies to simultaneously conserve and protect natural resource systems and reduce infrastructure costs. LID still allows land to be developed, but in a cost-effective manner that helps mitigate potential environmental impacts. This approach aims to manage rainwater as close to its source as possible, mimicking a site’s pre-development hydrology through the use of numerous site design strategies. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The percentage rule is a method to determine the most appropriate LEED rating system for a project when several rating systems may be applicable1. To use this rule, first assign a rating systemto each square foot or square meter of the building, and then choose the most appropriate rating system based on the resulting percentages1. The entire gross floor area of a LEED project must be certified under a single rating system and is subject to all prerequisites andattempted credits in that rating system1. The percentage rule states that if one rating system covers more than 60% of the gross floor area, that rating system should be used1. If no rating system covers more than 60% of the gross floor area, but one covers more than 40%, then that rating system should be used1. If no rating system covers more than 40% of the gross floor area, then the project team can choose any applicable rating system1. Therefore, the answer is B. 40/60 rule.

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LEED rating system selection guidance

Green Cleaning is a plan that is implemented after occupancy to ensure that the building is maintained in a way that reduces the environmental and health impacts of cleaning products, equipment, and practices. Green Cleaning is part of the LEED v4 Operations and Maintenance rating system, and it includes credits for purchasing sustainable cleaning products and materials, using green cleaning equipment, implementing an indoor integrated pest management program, and developing a green cleaning policy1.

LEED v4: Operations and Maintenance Guide1, pages 36-41

An alternative commuting incentive program is a strategy that can be used to encourage alternative transportation methods, such as public transit, carpooling, biking, or walking. An alternative commuting incentive program can provide benefits or rewards for the employees or tenants who use alternative transportation modes, such as subsidies, vouchers, discounts, prizes, recognition, or preferential parking. This strategy can help to achieve LEED Location and Transportation Credit: Alternative Transportation1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

A brownfield site is appropriate for development of LEED projects because it is a site that has been previously used for industrial or commercial purposes and may be contaminated by pollutants or hazardous substances. Developing a brownfield site can help reduce environmental impacts, such as soil erosion, habitat loss, and water consumption, by reusingexisting infrastructure and restoring degraded land. LEED projects can earn credits for developing on brownfield sites under the Sustainable Sites category. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Sustainable Sites, page 35; Best Management Practice #14: Alternative Water Sources1

To qualify for any level of LEED certification, a project must meet all the prerequisites and achieve a minimum number of points based on the ratingsystem and the certification level1. The prerequisites are mandatory requirements that must be met before a project can earn any points2. The points are awarded for achieving optional credits that demonstrate environmental performance and innovation2. The LEED rating system consists of five broad categories: Building Design and Construction (BD+C), Interior Designand Construction (ID+C), Building Operations and Maintenance (O+M), Neighborhood Development (ND), and Homes3. Each category has different adaptations for specific project types and scopes, such as Schools, Retail, Hospitality, Data Centers, Warehouses and Distribution Centers, Healthcare, etc3. Each adaptation has a different number of prerequisites and credits, and a different point scale for each certification level4. The certification levels are: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum1. The minimumpoints required for each level vary depending on the rating system and the adaptation, but generally range from 40 to 80 points1.

In this question, the project has achieved 53 points and six of eight prerequisites. This means that the project has failed to meet two prerequisites, which are mandatory requirements. Therefore, the project does not qualify for any level of LEED certification, regardless of the rating system or the adaptation. The answer is A. None.

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The 4 Levels of LEED Certification and How to Achieve Them

LEED credits, prerequisites and points: How are they different?

LEED rating system

LEED rating system selection

ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager is an online tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that allows building owners and managers to measure and track the energy and water performance of their buildings, as well as benchmark their buildings against similar buildings nationwide. The tool uses a 1-100 ENERGY STAR score to rate the energy efficiency of a building relative to its peers, where a score of 50 represents medianperformance and a score of 75 or higher indicates top performance1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the class of refrigerants that contribute the most to ozone depletion potential (ODP). Ozone depletion potential is a measure of how much a substance can damage the ozone layer in the stratosphere, which protects life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. CFCs are synthetic chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They were widely used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, solvents, and foam blowing agents until they were phased out by the Montreal Protocol due to their high ODP. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving energy and atmosphere efficiency is to “eliminate chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in new building HVAC&R systems” [1, p. 15]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Ozone Depletion Potential | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

Closed systems are systems that promote the conservation of materials and resources by linking elements in order to form relationships with their function. Closed systems aim to minimize waste, energy loss, and environmental impact by reusing, recycling, or regenerating materials within the system boundaries. Closed systems can be inspired by natural ecosystems, where waste from one process becomes food for another process. An example of a closed system is a building that collects rainwater for irrigation, uses solar panels for electricity, composts organic waste forfertilizer, and recycles greywater for flushing toilets1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, Biomimicry Institute’s What is Biomimicry?

The scope of the LEED impact category component Protect Human Health from Direct Exposure to Negative Health Impacts is building occupants and design and construction crew during the construction phase and use phase of the building cycle, within the project boundary and its immediate surroundings. This component aims to reduce the exposure of people to harmful substances or conditions that may affect their health and well-being. This includes indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting quality, noise levels, water quality, and safety hazards. The component covers both the construction phase and the use phase of the building cycle, as both stages can pose potential health risks to people involved or affected by the project. The component also considers both the project boundary and its immediate surroundings, as some health impacts may extend beyond the site itself. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 9

vocs are volatile organic compounds that can evaporate from paints, solvents, adhesives, and other building materials. They can cause health problems such as eye irritation, respiratory distress, headaches, and cancer. Limiting the concentration of vocs in the air protects the health of construction personnel by reducing their exposure to these harmful substances12.

References :=

Occupational Hygiene - Occupational Exposure Limits | CCOHS

1910.1450 - Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Green Seal is a non-profit organization that develops standards and certifies products and services that are environmentally preferable and meet rigorous performance criteria1. Green Seal has standards for various categories of products and services, including custodial products and materials, such as cleaners, degreasers, floor care products, paper products, and hand soaps2. Green Seal-certified custodial products and materials can help achieve credits in the LEED v4 Materials and Resources category, such as Purchasing - Ongoing Consumables34.

About Us | Green Seal1

Standards | Green Seal2

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council3

Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand4

The Full Time Equivalent (FTE) occupancy of a project is a measure of how many people occupy a building or space on a regular basis. The FTE occupancy is calculated by dividing the total number of hours worked by all occupants in a week by the standard weekly hours for one FTE occupant. Thestandard weekly hours for one FTE occupant is typically 40 hours per week1 . For this project, the FTE occupancy is calculated as follows:

16 employees x 4 hours/day x 5 days/week = 320 hours/week 20 employees x 6 hours/day x 5 days/week = 600 hours/week 10 employees x 8 hours/day x 5 days/week = 400 hours/week Total hours/week = 1320 hours/week FTE occupancy = 1320 hours/week / 40hours/week = 33 Therefore, the FTE occupancy of the project is 33. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

The scorecard is the recommended tool for the project team to utilize in order to determine the target certification level. The scorecard is a document that lists all the prerequisites and credits available for a specific rating system, along with their point values and requirements. The project team can use the scorecard to track their progress and estimate their potential score based on their design strategies and performance goals. The scorecard also helps the project team to identify synergies and trade-offs among different credits, prioritize their efforts, and optimize their resources.

The other options are not useful for estimating the certification level, as they are tools for documenting or clarifying specific credits or issues. The credit submittal form is a template that guides the project team on how to submit the required documentation for each credit. The project CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) is a service that allows the project team to ask technical questions or request clarifications on credit requirements or standards from USGBC or GBCI reviewers. The certification level cannot be determined without complete drawings, as they are necessary to demonstrate compliance with credit criteria.

The Facility Manager is typically responsible for monitoring ongoing energy performance over the life of a building. They oversee the operation and maintenance of building systems, including HVAC, lighting, and other energy-using equipment, and can implement energy management strategies to optimize performance. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The owner is one of the team members who should participate in the initial evaluation to determine which level of LEED certification to target. The owner is the person or entity who has the authority and responsibility to make decisions about the project’s goals, budget, schedule, and design. The owner’s involvement is crucial for setting the vision and expectations for the project’s sustainability performance and selecting the appropriate LEED rating system and certification level. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the steps in the integrative process is to “engage in a preliminary LEED assessment with key project team members, including owner” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Integrative Process | U.S. Green Building Council]

An office without transit access can substantially reduce its transportation impact if workers are able to walk from the office to basic services. Transportation impact is the effect of transportation activities on the environment, society, and economy. Transportation impact can include greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise pollution, energy consumption, land use, traffic congestion, infrastructure costs, and public health. Walking is a form of alternative transportation that can reduce transportation impact by using less energy, emitting less pollutants, occupying less space, and improving physical activity and well-being. If workers are able to walk from the office to basic services, such as retail, restaurants, banks, or post offices, they can reduce their vehicle miles traveled, fuel consumption, and parking demand1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Transportation and Climate Change

Designing buildings to shade each other can help reduce energy demand by decreasing cooling loads. By strategically positioning buildings on a site, it’s possible to use the buildings themselves to block solar heat gain, reducing the need for air conditioning. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

ASHRAE 189.1 is a standard that provides guidance for the design, construction, and operation of high-performance green buildings that comply with building codes and voluntary rating systems. The standard covers topics such as site sustainability, water efficiency, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the impact of materials and resources12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ASHRAE’s Standard 189.12

An integrative process is a collaborative approach that involves all project stakeholders in the design and decision-making process from the beginning to the end of a project. It aims to optimize the performance, environmental, social, and economic outcomes of a project by considering the interrelationships and synergies between various building and site systems. By identifying overlapping relationships, services and redundancies among systems, an integrative process can result in increased performance and reduced costs, as it can create more efficient, effective, and innovative solutions that meet the project goals and requirements. For example, an integrative process can help to reduce the energy demand of a building by integrating passive design strategies, such as building orientation, envelope design, daylighting, natural ventilation, and shading, which can also improve the indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort. An integrative process can also help to reduce the material and water consumption of a project by reusing existing resources, selecting durable and low-impact materials, and implementing water-efficient fixtures and systems, which can also reduce the waste generation and environmental impact of the project

Paved surfaces absorb and retain heat, increasing local temperatures and contributing to the heat island effect. LEED encourages mitigating this effect by using materials with high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) or implementing strategies like green roofs and shaded areas​​.

Energy use intensity (EUI) is a measure of energy use per unit of floor space. It is calculated by dividing the total energy consumed by the building in one year (measured in kilowatt-hours or kilo-British Thermal Units) by the total gross floor area of the building (measured in square feet or square meters). EUI is a useful metric for comparing the energy performance of different buildings or benchmarking against national averages. EUI can vary depending on building type, climate, occupancy, and other factors. Generally, a lower EUI indicates better energy efficiency and lower environmental impact. References: What is Energy Use Intensity (EUI)?2; Energy Use Intensity (EUI)3

LEED BD+C: Multifamily Midrise is the appropriate rating system for residential buildings that are four to eight stories above grade1. Since the project scope includes 60% of the gross floor area, it meets the minimum program requirement of having at least 40%of the gross floor area certified2. The other rating systems are not suitable for this project because they either apply to different building types or heights23.

LEED rating system selection guidance | U.S. Green Building Council2

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council3

LEED v4 Rating Systems | USGBC-LI1

Installing a solar photovoltaic system can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from a building. Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight, a renewable resource, instead of burning fossil fuels that release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. While solar panels do require an upfront investment, they can also result in lower energy bills over time. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Construction IAQ management and LEED strategies directly improve health:

“Using proper construction management practices… protects worker and occupant health by controlling pollutant sources and pathways…”

High VOC materials and low ventilation have adverse effects, not benefits.

Sustainable landscape design aims to create landscapes that are in harmony with the local environment, conserve natural resources, and provide ecological benefits. One of the outcomes of sustainable landscape design is restoring and regenerating habitat for native plants and animals, which enhances biodiversity and ecosystem services.

LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction, p. 582

LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, p. 11

Should non-design team stakeholders be included in design charrettes?

No, because it may increase legal liability

Yes, because it may help to reduce future litigation

No, because they lack the expertise to contribute design ideas

Yes, because they enhance understanding of community concerns

Answer: D

Design charrettes are collaborative sessions where stakeholders brainstorm and generate design solutions for a project. Non-design team stakeholders, such as community members, clients, users, and regulators, can provide valuable input and feedback on the project goals, needs, challenges, and opportunities. Including them in design charrettes can help to create more sustainable, inclusive, and responsive design outcomes that meet the expectations and requirements of all parties involved. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 14; LEED Green Associate | U.S. Green Building Council, section “LEED v4 Rating Systems”

Monitoring outdoor airflow is a strategy for improving indoor environmental quality during construction. Outdoor airflow is the amount of fresh air that enters a building through natural or mechanical means. Monitoring outdoor airflow can help ensure that adequate ventilation is provided to the building during construction, which can prevent the accumulation of indoor pollutants, such as dust, debris, or volatile organic compounds, that may affect the health and comfort of the workers or occupants. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “monitor outdoor airflow” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Outdoor Airflow | ASHRAE]

LEED certification is awarded based on the number of points a project earns across several categories of green building performance. The range of points required to achieve LEED Silver is 50-59, out of a possible 110 points. The other levels of LEED certification are: Certified (40-49 points), Gold (60-79 points), and Platinum (80 or more points)12. Therefore, if a project initially has 34 credit points,it would need 20 additional points to reach the minimum threshold for LEED Silver. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Construction Waste Management is tracked by weight:

“LEED tracks the total amount of waste diverted from landfills in terms of weight or volume.”

This provides a quantitative measure of how much waste was properly managed.

Gallons per minute or liters per minute refers to the amount of water used by flow fixtures in LEED. Flow fixtures are fixtures that deliver a constant stream of water, such as faucets, showerheads, or hose bibs. The flow rate of these fixtures is measured in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (L/min), which indicates how much water flows through them in a given time period. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving water efficiency is to “use low-flow faucets and showerheads (maximum 2.5 gpm at 80 psi)” [1, p. 14]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Water Efficiency | U.S. Department of Energy]

Maximizing daylighting opportunities with properly sized and oriented windows can significantly reduce a building’s energy use. By allowing more natural light into the building, the need for artificial lighting can be reduced, which in turn reduces electricity consumption. Additionally, if windows are properly oriented, they can also help with passive heating and cooling, further reducing energy use. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A 100% vegetated roof coverage best addresses both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A vegetated roof, also known as a green roof, is a layer of living plants thatcovers the roof surface. A vegetated roof reduces the heat island effect by providing shade, evapotranspiration, and insulation, lowering the roof temperature and the surrounding air temperature. A vegetated roof also reduces rainwater runoff by retaining and absorbing precipitation, decreasing the volume and peak flow of stormwater leaving the roof. The other options are not as effective as a 100% vegetated roof coverage in addressing both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A 100% high-albedo roof reflects more solar radiation than a conventional roof, reducing the heat island effect, but it does not reduce rainwater runoff. A 20% high-albedo and 80% conventional roof has a lower reflectance than a 100% high-albedo roof, resulting in a higher heat island effect, and it does not reduce rainwater runoff either. A 50% standing seam copper and 50% vegetated roof has a lower vegetated area than a 100% vegetated roof, resulting in less shade, evapotranspiration, insulation, retention, and absorption, leading to a higher heat island effect and more rainwater runoff. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 27; USGBC, [Sustainable Sites], page 3.

When developing the project and building construction budget, the project team should incorporate time in the schedule for unique materials and systems. This is because some green building strategies may require materials or systems that are not readily available or familiar to the local market. For example, using recycled or salvaged materials may require more time for sourcing and delivery. Similarly, installing renewable energy systems or high-performance HVAC systems may require more time for design and commissioning. Therefore, the project team should plan ahead and allocate sufficient time for these aspects of the project. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Integrative Process, page 28

Prerequisites and credits are the two types of requirements that make up the LEED rating system. Prerequisites are the basic elements or strategies that must be included in any LEED certified project, regardless of the rating system or the level of certification1. Credits are the additional elements or strategies that can be included in a LEED project to achieve higher levels of performance and certification1. Credits are optional and have different point values depending on their environmental benefits and impacts2. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Prerequisites are mandatory and credits are optional.

LEED v4 | U.S. Green Building Council

LEED credit library | U.S. Green Building Council

Harvesting rainwater reduces reliance on potable water for non-potable uses like irrigation and flushing. LEED supports this approach under Water Efficiency credits for reducing potable water consumption​​.

Low cubicle partitions enhance the spread of daylight deeper into office spaces, improving natural lighting and reducing dependence on artificial lighting. This supports LEED credits under Indoor Environmental Quality, which aim to optimize daylight for better occupant health, productivity, and energy savings​​.

The term “LEED certified building” is the correct usage according to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). This term indicates that a building has met the standards set by the LEED rating system and has been officially certified by the USGBC. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Open grid pavement, also known as permeable pavement, allows water to drain through it, reducing runoff and recharging groundwater supplies. It also tends to be lighter in color than traditional asphalt, which means it absorbs less heat from sunlight. This helps to reduce the urban heat island effect, which is a phenomenon where urban areas are significantly warmer than their rural surroundings due to human activities. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Soft surfaces contribute to a comfortable acoustic environment by absorbing sound waves and reducing noise levels. This can include items such as carpets, upholstered furniture, and acoustic ceiling tiles. In contrast, hard surfaces (like wood cabinets, hollow metal doors, or glass partitions)can reflect sound waves and increase noise levels. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

ASHRAE 55 defines thermal comfort by outlining acceptable indoor conditions for temperature, humidity, and air movement. This standard is essential for meeting LEED Indoor Environmental Quality requirements​​.

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an independent, non-governmental organization that promotes responsible management of the world’s forests. FSC sets standards for forest management that ensure environmental, social, and economic benefits for present and future generations. FSC also certifies forest products that meet its standards through a chain of custody system that tracks the origin and processing of the products. A wood product that is certified by FSC is guaranteed to be harvested from a well-managed source that protects biodiversity, respects indigenous rights, maintains forest productivity, and supports local communities1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, FSC’s What We Do

Shielded light fixtures are designed to direct light downwards and prevent it from spilling over into areas where it’s not wanted, such as beyond the project boundary. This helps to prevent light trespass, which can be a form of pollution that disrupts ecosystems and human sleep patterns. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Native species are plants that are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, and therefore require less water and maintenance than non-native species. By maximizing the use of native species in the landscaping design, the project can reduce the need for potable water for irrigation and achieve the Outdoor Water Use Reduction credit under LEED v4 Water Efficiency category1.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide1, page 35

The credit templates are the online forms that document the achievement of the LEED credits for a project pursuing LEED certification. The credit templates are completed and signed by the specified team member who is responsible for the credit, such as the architect, engineer, contractor, or owner. The teammember must provide the required information, calculations, narratives, and supporting documentation for each credit13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

The Location and Transportation (LT) category addresses the location and accessibility of a project site, as well as its impacts on transportation, land use, and community connectivity. One of the credits in this category is LT Credit: Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses, which rewards projects that are located in areas with high density and a variety of land uses, such as retail, residential, and civic facilities. This can reduce vehicle miles traveled, greenhouse gas emissions, and infrastructure costs, as well as promote walkability, livability, and social interaction. A new project that is built adjacent to a park with a trail leading to an urban business district qualifies for this credit by providing pedestrian access to diverse uses within a 1/2 mi. (0.80 km) walking distance1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

process water is water that is used for specific processes in industries, businesses, or buildings. Process water can include water used for cooling, heating, washing, rinsing, sterilizing, humidifying, or other purposes. Process water can also include water used for building systems, such as cooling towers, boilers, chillers, or irrigation123.

Process water is different from domestic water, which is water used for human consumption or hygiene, such as drinking, cooking, bathing, or flushing toilets. Process water is also different from wastewater, which is water that has been contaminated by human or industrial activities and requires treatment before being discharged or reused24.

Process water is an important aspect of water efficiency in LEED certification. LEED v4.1 offers credits for optimizing process water use by reducing the demand or increasing the use of alternative sources of water, such as rainwater, graywater, or reclaimed water

 Selecting native plants to provide habitat for local fauna is a strategy that a design team should consider in order to decrease the impact of a new construction project. Native plants are plants that have evolved in a specific region and have adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. Native plants can offer many benefits for the environment, such as:

Reducing water use and runoff by requiring less irrigation and fertilization

Enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services by supporting native wildlife and pollinators

Improving air quality and mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Increasing soil health and stability by preventing erosion and improving infiltration

Creating a sense of place and cultural identity by reflecting the natural heritage of the region

The other options are not strategies that would decrease the impact of a new construction project. Maximizing views of the existing wetland may improve occupant satisfaction, but it does not necessarily reduce the environmental footprint of the project. Locating the project in an existing office park with ample parking may reduce land use and transportation impacts, but it may also increase heat island effect and stormwater runoff. Increasing the project’s footprint to maximize roof space for a solar array may increase renewable energy generation, but it may also increase site disturbance, material use, and energy demand. References: : Native Plants

SRI is a measure of a material's ability to reflect solar heat (reflectivity) and release absorbed heat (emissivity). This index helps evaluate materials for reducing the heat island effect under the Sustainable Sites category​​.

Potable water is water that is suitable for drinking. Potable water meets or exceeds the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) drinking water quality standards and is free of contaminants that are harmful to human health. The other options are not suitable for drinking. Graywater is wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry that can be reused for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing and irrigation. Greenwater is rainwater that is collected and stored for non-potable uses. Stormwater is runoff from precipitation that can carry pollutants and sediments into waterways. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 26; USGBC, [Water Efficiency], page 2.

Rainwater Management is a credit that aims to reduce runoff, improve water quality, and restore natural hydrology1. It is part of the Sustainable Sites category, which addresses the environmental impacts of the site selection, design, and construction23.

LEED v4 | HPAC Engineering2

LEED v4 for BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - USGBC3

NC-v4.1 SSc4: Rainwater management | LEEDuser1

The Energy Policy Act (EPACT) of 1992 set standards for indoor water fixtures like toilets and faucets, which are used as a baseline for determining water savings in LEED projects. The 2005 amendment to the EPACT further updated these standards. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

ASHRAE 62.1 is a standard that ensures adequate ventilation is supplied to building occupants. ASHRAE stands for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-ConditioningEngineers, a professional organization that develops standards and guidelines for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings. ASHRAE 62.1 is a standard that specifies the minimum ventilation rates and other measures for new and existing buildings that are intended to provide acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) for the occupants. Ventilation is the process of supplying outdoor air to or removing indoor air from a building. Adequate ventilation is important for maintaining good IAQ, which can affectthe health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ASHRAE’s Standard 62.13

The Energy and Atmosphere Credit in LEED encompasses building loads, energy performance management, and environmental quality (EQ). Building loads refer to the amount of energy consumed by a building’s systems, such as heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment. Energy performance management involves strategies to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency. Environmental quality refers to the conditions inside the building, including air quality, thermal comfort, and access to daylight and views. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Minimal hardscape and permeable surfaces allow water to infiltrate, reducing rainwater runoff and supporting sustainable stormwater management strategies. These practices align with LEED Sustainable Sites goals​​.

Regional Priority credits are awarded to encourage projects to address local environmental issues that are of particular importance or concern for the region where the project is located. These issues may include water scarcity, air quality, habitat protection, or human health. Regional Priority credits are not new LEED credits, but rather existing credits that have been identified by regional councils or chapters of USGBC as having higher priority or relevance for their areas. Projects can earn up to four bonus points by achieving Regional Priority credits. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 13; LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1

Integrated Project Planning and Design is a prerequisite for healthcare facilities under LEED v4. The intent is to maximize opportunities for the adoption of cost-effective integrated green design and construction strategies as early as pre-design1.

LEED v4 | HPAC Engineering1

Acomposting toileteliminates water use by not requiring any water for flushing, unlike traditional or low-flow fixtures:

“Composting toilets… operate without water use, thus eliminating indoor water demand for flushing.”

WaterSense toilets and low-flow lavatories reduce water use but do not eliminate it.

The integrative process involves collaboration among all project team members, from initial planning through design and construction, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of systems. This process allows for better coordination among disciplines, leading to more efficient use of resources, improved environmental performance, reduced project costs, and enhanced occupant satisfaction. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Building orientation is the element of design that can be used to take advantage of natural ventilation, solar energy and daylight. Building orientation refers to the position and direction of a building in relation to the sun, wind, and other environmental factors. By orienting a building properly, it can maximize the benefits of passive design strategies such as daylighting, natural ventilation, and solar energy. For example, a building can be oriented to face the south or north in temperate climates to capture more sunlight for heating and lighting, or to face the east or west in hot climates to avoid excessive solar heat gain and glare. A building can also be oriented to align with the prevailing wind direction to enhance natural ventilation and cooling. Building orientation can also affect the shape, size, and placement of windows, doors, roofs, and other architectural elements that influence the performance and comfort of a building. References: Passive Design Strategies | Sustainability Workshop, section “Building Massing & Orientation”; Back to Basics: Natural Ventilation and its Use in Different Contexts | ArchDaily, section “Orientation”; Courtyard configuration to optimize shading, daylight and ventilation …, section “Introduction”

Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions are direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization. On-site landfills are an example of a source of Scope 1 emissions, as they release methane and carbon dioxide from the decomposition of organic waste12.

Business travel, purchased electricity, and employee commuting are examples of sources of Scope 2 or Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions from sources that are not owned or controlled by the organization. Business travel and employee commuting are Scope 3 emissions, as they occur from the activities of the organization’s value chain, such as suppliers and customers12. Purchased electricity is a Scope 2 emission, as it occurs from the generation of electricity that the organization consumes

ASHRAE 189.1 is a standard for the design of high-performance green buildings that covers various aspects of sustainability, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and more. It is an alternate compliance path for the IGCC, which is a model code that contains minimum requirements for green building design and construction. In jurisdictions that adopt the IGCC, a builder has the option to design and construct a building in accordance with the provisions of ASHRAE 189.1 rather than those of the IGCC123.

ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 189.1) | US EPA Smart Growth1

ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 - Trane Heating & Air Conditioning2

IgCC and ASHRAE Standard 189.1 Technical Provisions3

A charrette is a strategy that can help build consensus for a project’s sustainability goals. A charrette is an intensive, collaborative, and creative workshop that brings together the project team and other stakeholders to define the project goals, scope, and strategies. A charrette can help to establish a common vision, identify synergies, and prioritize actions for a green building project. A charrette can also foster communication, trust, and buy-in among the participants13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

Pre-consumer recycled content refers to waste material that is diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing process. This can include scraps or trimmings that are collected and returned to the manufacturing process. It does not include rework, regrind, or scrap materials capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated them. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A salvaged wood door from another site qualifies under the Materials and Resources sustainable criteria of materials reuse. Materials reuse is the practice of using existing materials or products for new purposes without altering their form or composition. Materials reuse reduces the demand for virgin materials, saves energy and resources, and prevents waste generation. The other options are not applicable to a salvaged wood door from another site. Certified wood is wood that has been harvested from forests that are managed in an environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable manner according to the standards of an accredited certification system such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Bio-based materials are materials that are derived from plants or animals, such as bamboo, cork, wool, or cotton. Waste diversion is the practice of diverting waste from landfills or incinerators by recycling, reusing, salvaging, or donating materials. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 28; USGBC, [Materials and Resources], page 4.

LEED certification is a process that evaluates the environmental performance and sustainability of a building project based on a set of rating systems. To earn LEED certification, a project must satisfy all the mandatory requirements, or prerequisites, of the chosen rating system, and earn a minimum number of points by meeting optional criteria, or credits. The number of points determines the level of certification: Certified (40-49 points), Silver (50-59 points), Gold (60-79 points), or Platinum (80+ points)123.

Employing a LEED AP (Accredited Professional) on the project team is not a requirement for LEED certification, but it can provide an advantage, as LEED APs have demonstrated their knowledge and expertise in green building and LEED rating systems. Having a LEED AP on the project team can also earn one point under the Integrative Process credit4.

Conducting a whole-building life-cycle assessment is not a requirement for LEED certification, but it can be an option for earning points under the Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction credit. A life-cycle assessment is a method of evaluating the environmental impacts of a building over its entire life span, from extraction of materials to disposal or reuse3.

Earning a minimum of 50 points or meeting a prerequisite is not a sufficient condition for LEED certification, as it does not account for the other prerequisites or the level of certification. A project must meet all the prerequisites and earn at least 40 points to qualify for the lowest level of certification

The use of native plant species, captured rainwater, and evapotranspiration controllers are all strategies that can contribute to reducing outdoor water use. Native plants are adapted to local conditions and typically require less water than non-native species. Captured rainwater can be used for irrigation, reducing the need for potable water. Evapotranspiration controllers adjust irrigation schedules based on weather conditions and plant needs, preventing overwatering. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A waste reduction, reuse and recycling program must collect and measure the waste diverted through recycling and reuse, which is the amount of waste that is prevented from going to landfills or incinerators by being recovered, reused, or recycled. This is one of the key indicators of the environmental performance and benefits of a waste management program, as it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve natural resources, save energy and water, and create jobs. LEED v4.1 recognizes and rewards this strategy in the Construction and Demolition WasteManagement credit1, which aims to reduce construction and demolition waste disposed of in landfills and incineration facilities2. The other options are not directly related to the waste reduction, reuse and recycling program, as they involve different types of materials or metrics that are not relevant for measuring waste diversion. References: LEED Link: Construction and Demolition Waste Management, section “LEED v4.1 BD+C: Construction and Demolition Waste Management”; LEED v4 Waste Management Credits - Zero Waste, section “LEED v4 Waste Management Credits”

Teams organize and work as part of an integrative process by working in small groups and as a whole with iterative processes. The integrative process is a method of design and construction that involves the collaboration and coordination of all project stakeholders from the beginning to achieve the project’s sustainability goals1. The integrative process requires teams to work in small groups, such as subcommittees or task forces, to focus on specific aspects of the project, such as energy, water, materials, indoor environmental quality, and site ecology2. The small groups then report back to the whole team and share their findings and recommendations, allowing for feedback and integration among different disciplines and systems2. The integrative process also requires teams to work with iterative processes, which means that they repeat and refine the design and analysis cycles until they reach the optimal solutions that meet the project’s performance targets3. The iterative processes enable teams to explore various scenarios, test assumptions, identify synergies and trade-offs, and evaluate the life-cycle impacts of their design decisions34.

Integrative process | U.S. Green Building Council

LEED v4 | U.S. Green Building Council

The Integrative Process in LEED V4 —ArchEcology

New LEED Pilot Credit Establishes an Integrative Process for Health Promotion

LEED Integrative Process Credit Explained - Projectific, Inc.

Per the LeadingGreen Study Guide:

“LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale. Additionally, 10 bonus credits are available: six Innovation and four Regional Priority credits.”

This totals 110 maximum points.

LEED considers products to be environmentally preferable when they are locally extracted, manufactured, and purchased. This is because local sourcing reduces the environmental impact associated with transportation, supports local economies, and can often ensure that the materials are suitable for the local climate and conditions. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, space heating accounted for about 32% of energy use for all U.S. commercial buildings in 2018, followed by ventilation and lighting, each at about 10%1. Space heating is the largest single energy end use in U.S. office buildings as well2.

Use of energy in commercial buildings - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)1

DataTrends: Energy Use in Office Buildings | ENERGY STAR2