CFR-410 CyberSec First Responder (CFR) Exam Questions and Answers

A security breach refers to unauthorized access that compromises the security of an information asset, violating controls such as authentication, authorization, or accounting. This breach often involves intentional actions like accessing, destroying, or manipulating the asset without proper authorization.

Dealing with systems that are suspected to be used to commit a crime: Incident response involves addressing systems that may be involved in criminal activity, helping to contain and investigate the incident.

Collecting data from computer media: This is a key part of the evidence-gathering phase of incident response, where forensic data is collected to understand the extent of the incident.

Dealing with systems suspected to be the victim of a crime: Incident response includes handling systems that are compromised or victims of a crime to prevent further damage and to restore security.

Static analysis involves examining the code without execution, such as looking for vulnerabilities in the code's structure or logic. It helps determine everything the program can potentially do, while dynamic analysis focuses on observing the program's actual behavior during execution with specific inputs in a given environment.

Static analysis examines the binary without executing it, often using reverse engineering techniques, while dynamic analysis requires the program to be run in order to observe its real-time behavior and interactions.

A firewall is most likely to skew the results of a vulnerability scan when performing an assessment from outside the perimeter. Firewalls are designed to filter and block traffic based on security rules, which can prevent scanners from accurately assessing vulnerabilities in the network. Firewalls may block or alter certain types of scan traffic, leading to incomplete or misleading results.

The host that owns the IP address sends an ARP reply message with its physical address. Each host machine maintains a table, called ARP cache, used to convert MAC addresses to IP addresses. Since ARP is a stateless protocol, every time a host gets an ARP reply from another host, even though it has not sent an ARP request for that reply, it accepts that ARP entry and updates its ARP cache. The process of updating a target host’s ARP cache with a forged entry is referred to as poisoning.

An Incident Response Plan (IRP) helps IT security staff detect, respond to, and recover from a cyber attack. It outlines procedures for identifying and managing security incidents, minimizing damage, and restoring systems to normal operations. This plan is essential for an organization's ability to effectively handle cybersecurity threats.

Using a word list of commonly used and default passwords in Hydra is an example of a dictionary attack. In a dictionary attack, a tool tries various passwords from a pre-defined list (the "dictionary") to guess the correct password. It’s different from a brute-force attack, which attempts every possible combination of characters.

Integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and validity of data over its lifecycle. It ensures that the data has not been altered or corrupted in unauthorized ways and remains trustworthy for use.

Separation of duties involves dividing responsibilities so that no single individual has control over all aspects of a task. This practice is used to prevent fraud, errors, or misuse by ensuring that multiple individuals are required to complete critical tasks.

The principle of Least Privilege ensures that users are granted the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. In this case, using the general user account instead of a domain admin account demonstrates least privilege, as the administrator is only granted the necessary permissions to access the required records, rather than full administrative rights.

In Windows Server 2016, log files are stored in the C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs directory. This is the default location for event log files, which can be accessed and analyzed using Event Viewer or other monitoring tools.

An insufficient Service Level Agreement (SLA) is likely the cause of the organization's weakness in establishing key performance indicators (KPIs) for its service hosting solution. SLAs define the expected performance and service levels, and without clear SLAs, it is difficult to establish appropriate KPIs to measure and monitor the service's effectiveness and performance.

The primary role of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is to detect potential threats or suspicious activities on a network. It monitors network traffic and system activities, identifying possible attacks or breaches, and alerts administrators without actively blocking malicious traffic.

Traditional SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) systems are designed to provide aggregation, normalization, correlation, and alerting of log and event data from various sources within an organization's network. These functions help identify potential security incidents, providing security teams with the necessary information to investigate and respond to threats effectively.

A hot site is a fully equipped, operational backup site that allows a company to restore normal business operations in a matter of minutes or seconds. It has up-to-date copies of critical data and systems, ensuring minimal downtime in the event of a disaster.

To help identify lessons learned and follow-up action: Post-incident reviews are critical for analyzing what went well and what could be improved, allowing the organization to apply lessons learned to future incidents.

To help prevent an incident recurrence: The review process helps identify weaknesses or gaps in the security posture, leading to actions that can prevent similar incidents from happening again in the future.

sha256sum: This tool calculates the SHA-256 hash of a file, which can be used for integrity verification by comparing the hash value with a known, trusted value.

md5sum: This tool calculates the MD5 hash of a file, which can also be used to verify its integrity by checking against a known hash value.

md5deep: This is a tool that provides recursive MD5 hash calculation, which can be useful for verifying the integrity of multiple files at once.

The Preparation phase is when an organization should develop policies, procedures, and strategies for handling incidents. This phase ensures that the organization is ready to respond effectively by having the necessary tools, resources, and plans in place before an incident occurs.

Port 3306 is commonly associated with the MySQL database service. MySQL uses this port for client-server communication to query and manage databases.

A complete hardware and software inventory is essential for a disaster recovery plan because it allows an organization to quickly assess which systems and resources are required to restore operations in the event of a disaster. This inventory helps ensure that critical components are accounted for and can be replaced or restored as needed.

The "right to be forgotten" is a core tenet of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is a privacy and data protection law in the European Union. This right allows individuals to request the deletion of their personal data from organizations' records under certain conditions, ensuring privacy and control over their personal information.

According to SANS, an incident retrospective should be performed no later than two weeks from the end of the incident. This allows the team to review the response, identify lessons learned, and improve future incident handling while the details are still fresh.

Old or unused code can increase an attack surface because it may contain vulnerabilities that have not been addressed or patched. Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities, especially if the code is not actively maintained or monitored.

The image you uploaded outlines a set of terms related to incident response. To arrange them in the correct order of Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) phases, the proper sequence is:

Preparation

Identification

Containment

Eradication

Recovery

Lessons Learned

Certificate: Certificates are often used in encryption architectures to provide authentication and facilitate secure communication, especially in systems using public key infrastructure (PKI).

Encryption keys: These are crucial components of any encryption architecture, as they are used to encrypt and decrypt data.

Encryption engine: The encryption engine is the core component that performs the actual encryption and decryption operations.