CWISA-103 Certified Wireless IoT Solutions Administrator(2025 Edition) Questions and Answers

Overlay vs. Integrated Monitoring:

Overlay: A separate monitoring system independent of the primary wireless infrastructure.

Integrated: Monitoring functions built into wireless access points or controllers.

Overlay Advantage: Since the overlay system is separate, it doesn't add overhead or complexity to the core network, avoiding potential disruption of wireless services.

Key Modulation Differences:

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the amplitude (strength) of a carrier wave.

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the frequency of a carrier wave.

References

ASK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying

FSK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying

IP Ratings & Manufacturing: IP66 provides:

Dust-tight: (First '6') Complete protection against dust ingress.

Powerful Water Jets: (Second '6') Protection against strong water jets from any direction.

Harsh Manufacturing Environments: IP66 is common due to dust, dirt, and potential exposure to liquids during cleaning or spills.

References

IP Ratings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Code

The concept described is Free Space Path Loss (FSPL). FSPL refers to the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through a clear, unobstructed path in free space. This weakening of the signal is due to the spreading of the wavefront as it travels, causing the power to be distributed over a larger area. The FSPL can be calculated using the Friis Transmission Equation, which shows that the received power decreases with the square of the distance from the transmitter. This concept is fundamental to understanding the behavior of RF signals in various communication systems, including wireless IoT, where the signal strength at the receiver is a critical factor for reliable data transmission.

Cloud-based applications drive bandwidth usage: Applications like Google Suite, Microsoft 365, and video conferencing (Zoom, Teams) are commonly used in educational settings. These rely on cloud servers, requiring significant downloads and uploads.

Shift towards online learning: More schools are utilizing online learning platforms and resources, further increasing their dependence on cloud-based solutions.

Streaming, torrents, wearables less impactful: Streaming music and torrent sites can contribute, but their impact is generally less significant. Wearables in education are still niche despite their potential.

References

Trends in education technology: Reports on the rise of cloud-based learning platforms in schools.

[Example: Project Tomorrow Speak Up Research Project on Digital Learning] (https://tomorrow.org/speakup/ )

Network usage studies in schools: Research on bandwidth usage patterns can confirm the primary drivers of traffic in educational settings.

Signal Strength and Data Rate: In wireless links, weaker signal strength often directly correlates to reduced transmission speeds. Modern wireless technologies use adaptive modulation and coding, sacrificing speed for reliability when signals become weaker.

Noise and Interference: While these can impact performance, they don't inherently decrease simply because signal strength drops.

Latency: Latency can be affected by poor signal, but its primary drivers are distance and network congestion.

IIoT Environments: Industrial IoT (IIoT) often involves deployment in harsh environments (factories, plants, outdoor sites) with:

Extreme temperatures

Dust & Vibrations

Exposure to chemicals or moisture

Ruggedization: IIoT devices are designed to withstand these conditions, ensuring reliability and longevity.

References

IIoT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Internet_of_things

Rugged Devices: Articles on ruggedized electronics will emphasize their importance in industrial settings.

PoE Splitter: A PoE splitter separates power and data from a PoE-enabled Ethernet cable, allowing the powering of non-PoE devices.

Other PoE Devices:

PoE Injector: Adds power to non-PoE Ethernet cable.

PoE Switch: Provides power directly through its ports.

isualizing RF Interference: Spectrum analyzers display radio frequencies across a range, showing signal strength and potential interference sources. This is crucial for identifying non-Wi-Fi devices that might be disrupting your wireless solution.

Other Tools Have Limitations:

NMAP: Network mapper, focused on discovering devices, not RF analysis

WinPCAP: Packet capture software, helpful but doesn't directly display the RF spectrum.

Protocol Analyzer: Analyzes network traffic, but won't pinpoint physical layer interference.

PHP's Cross-Platform Nature: PHP originated for server-side web development, but also has a command-line interface (CLI) enabling its use for scripts and automation tasks.

Other Options:

Some languages are OS-specific (but less frequent with modern scripting languages) .

Many languages work in web or command line, not both like PHP.

IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global organization critical in developing and promoting technical standards across various fields, including wireless technologies.

Standards Work: IEEE creates wireless technology standards like:

IEEE 802.11: Wi-Fi standards

IEEE 802.15.4: Basis for ZigBee, Thread, and other low-power networks

References

IEEE: https://www.ieee.org/

Successful Deployment Depends on Buy-In: A final customer meeting signifies the handover phase. Achieving stakeholder agreement ensures everyone impacted by the solution has a voice and feels their concerns are addressed.

Sign-Off and Formal Acceptance: Stakeholders often need to formally "sign-off" on a project's completion, indicating satisfaction and readiness for operational use.

Other Options: While Important, Not the Primary Goal:

Scope definition typically happens much earlier

Solutions may or may not include wearables

Power supply should already be planned

Privilege Creep Defined: Gradual accumulation of excessive permissions over time, often due to users changing roles or access needs not being adjusted accordingly.

Other Terms:

Privilege Escalation: A malicious act of obtaining higher-than-authorized access.

Improper Delegation/Grouping: Faulty permission assignment, but not the gradual accretion aspect.

Decibel (dB): A logarithmic unit expressing ratios of power or signal strength. It's used in RF contexts due to the wide range of signal levels encountered.

Examples:

dBm: Decibels relative to one milliwatt (power measurement).

dBi: Decibels relative to an isotropic antenna (antenna gain).

References

Decibel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel

Smart City Focus: Smart city initiatives mainly address infrastructure, environmental monitoring, and optimization of public services.

Ride-sharing Context: While self-driving technology could contribute to future smart city transportation, it's primarily a private-sector innovation, not a core municipal service like the other options.

Typical Smart City Applications:

Wi-Fi: Provides public internet access, enabling data collection

Pollution Monitoring: Tracks air/water quality for environmental management.

Demand-based Tolling: Adjusts pricing for traffic management.

Primary Concern: Safety: Building codes and safety regulations are there to prevent injury and accidents. This includes potential harm from improper equipment installation (falling objects, electrical hazards, etc.).

Legal and Ethical Responsibility: Organizations have an obligation to provide a safe workplace for employees and protect the well-being of end-users.

Insurance Considerations: While complying with codes may impact insurance rates, this shouldn't be the primary motivation, as safety itself is paramount.

Wi-Fi and Zigbee Interference: Both can operate in the 2.4 GHz band, leading to potential interference that degrades performance for both networks.

5 GHz Advantages:

Less crowded: Fewer devices operate in the 5 GHz band, reducing interference potential.

Wider Channels: 5 GHz supports wider channels, enabling higher data throughput for Wi-Fi.