CWISA-102 Certified Wireless IoT Solutions Administrator Questions and Answers

• IEEE 802.15.4: The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a fundamental specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It serves as the basis for many wireless IoT protocols.
• IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the organization responsible for creating, maintaining, and publishing the 802.15.4 standard.

References

• IEEE 802.15.4 Standard: https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_15_4-2020.html
• IEEE Website: https://www.ieee.org/

• WWAN (Wide-Area Wireless Network): WWANs provide connectivity over extensive geographic areas, typically covering regions or even entire countries.
• Cellular Technology: WWANs often rely on cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G) offered by mobile carriers.

References

• WWAN: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_wide_area_network

• QAM Constellations: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) uses a constellation diagram where points represent unique combinations of amplitude and phase.
• Bits per Symbol: The number in QAM-XX indicates the number of points:
• Higher Data Rates: More points in the constellation enable transmitting more bits per symbol, leading to higher data rates at the same bandwidth.

References

• QAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

• RFID for Livestock: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are the most widely used technology for livestock tracking and individual identification on large farms.
• Benefits:

References

• RFID (General): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

• Privilege Creep Defined: Gradual accumulation of excessive permissions over time, often due to users changing roles or access needs not being adjusted accordingly.
• Other Terms:

References:

• Principle of Least Privilege: Security best practice emphasizing the need to minimize access to only what's necessary.
• Access Control Models: Discussions of how privilege creep can violate security principles.

• IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global organization critical in developing and promoting technical standards across various fields, including wireless technologies.
• Standards Work: IEEE creates wireless technology standards like:

References

• IEEE: https://www.ieee.org/

• Overlay vs. Integrated Monitoring:
• Overlay Advantage: Since the overlay system is separate, it doesn't add overhead or complexity to the core network, avoiding potential disruption of wireless services.

• Primary Concern: Safety: Building codes and safety regulations are there to prevent injury and accidents. This includes potential harm from improper equipment installation (falling objects, electrical hazards, etc.).
• Legal and Ethical Responsibility: Organizations have an obligation to provide a safe workplace for employees and protect the well-being of end-users.
• Insurance Considerations: While complying with codes may impact insurance rates, this shouldn't be the primary motivation, as safety itself is paramount.

References:

• Occupational Safety and Health (e.g., OSHA in the US): Websites of regulatory bodies outlining guidelines for safe equipment installation in various settings.
• Electrical Codes (e.g., National Electrical Code): Standards that address safe practices to prevent fire and shock hazards.

• OFDM vs. OFDMA:

References

• OFDM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
• OFDMA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access

The concept described is Free Space Path Loss (FSPL). FSPL refers to the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through a clear, unobstructed path in free space. This weakening of the signal is due to the spreading of the wavefront as it travels, causing the power to be distributed over a larger area. The FSPL can be calculated using the Friis Transmission Equation, which shows that the received power decreases with the square of the distance from the transmitter. This concept is fundamental to understanding the behavior of RF signals in various communication systems, including wireless IoT, where the signal strength at the receiver is a critical factor for reliable data transmission.

References:The information provided aligns with the Friis Transmission Equation, which models how the power of an RF signal decreases with distance1. Additionally, the concept of FSPL is a well-known phenomenon in RF propagation, affecting the design and optimization of wireless communication systems

• ITU's Mandate: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on global information and communication technologies (ICTs).
• Radio Spectrum Regulation: A core ITU function is allocating radio spectrum bands and satellite orbits to prevent harmful interference between different countries and technologies. This coordination is essential for the orderly use of wireless communications worldwide.
• Other ITU Roles: While involved in standard-setting and establishing best practices, options A and D are less precise than the ITU's spectrum coordination focus.

References:

• ITU Website: (https://www.itu.int/en/) Outlines its activities and governance of radio spectrum.
• ITU Radio Regulations: The international treaty governing the use of the radio-frequency spectrum.

• Ongoing Monitoring for Adaptability: Wireless networks are dynamic environments. Ongoing monitoring is essential because:

References

• Importance of Wireless Network Monitoring: Resources will detail its role in proactive management

• Attenuation: Describes the progressive loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium (like air, cables, walls). It's caused by factors like absorption, distance, and obstacles.
• Other Phenomena:

References

• Attenuation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation

• PtMP (Point-to-Multipoint): A single access point (AP) communicates with multiple client devices. This means the AP needs to manage how the available airtime is shared among those clients.
• Airtime Fairness: Mechanisms are needed to ensure that:
• PtP (Point-to-Point): A dedicated link only has two devices, eliminating the need for complex airtime management.
• Considerations in Both: While interference, SINR, and frequency selection are important in both PtMP and PtP systems, the need for airtime management is unique to the multipoint scenario.

References:

• Wireless Network Topologies (PtP vs. PtMP): Explanations of the differences in how communication is managed in each scenario.
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): A common airtime sharing method used in PtMP systems.

• ZigBee Channel Spacing: ZigBee channels in the 2.4 GHz band are spaced 5 MHz apart. This helps manage interference in the crowded 2.4 GHz spectrum.

• SBCs (Single Board Computers): Designed as standalone, small-form-factor computers. They often include:
• Controller Boards: Focus on controlling specific hardware or systems.

References

• SBC Examples: https://www.raspberrypi.org/, https://www.beagleboard.org/
• Controller Board Examples: https://www.arduino.cc/

• Automation for Consistency: Scripts eliminate the potential for human error during repetitive configuration tasks on multiple devices. This ensures uniformity across the wireless solution.
• Speed and Efficiency: Scripts can be much faster than manual configuration, particularly in large deployments.
• Other Benefits: While scripts might aid signal strength (e.g., optimizing settings) or enhance solution capabilities, their core value in configuration is reducing errors.

References:

• Network Automation: Benefits of using scripts for configuration management.
• Configuration Management Best Practices: Emphasize the importance of consistency and repeatability.