BL0-220 Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks Exam Questions and Answers

Closed loop automation Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: AI/ML based operation requires pre-defined policies, open APIs, and closed loop automation to enable intelligent and adaptive cloud management and orchestration. Pre-defined policies provide the rules and objectives for the cloud resources and services, such as performance, security, and cost. Open APIs allow the communication and integration of different cloud components and platforms, such as Nokia’s 5G Edge Slicing solution and Microsoft Azure edge and cloud. Closed loop automation enables the continuous monitoring, analysis, and optimization of the cloud ecosystem based on the feedback from the AI/ML algorithms.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 7
• Nokia, A1 and Microsoft deploy industry’s first 5G edge cloud network slicing solution for enterprises | Nokia, paragraph 4

 On-Boarding of a Network Service requires both NS and NF templates. NS stands for Network Service, which is a logical grouping of network functions and resources that provide a specific functionality or service to the end user. NF stands for Network Function, which is a software component that performs a specific task or function within the network. Templates are files that describe the characteristics, requirements, and dependencies of network services and network functions. On-Boarding is the process of registering and validating network services and network functions in the cloud platform, so that they can be instantiated and managed.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, slide 7
• Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide, DC5.1– New Services Automation, page 19

On-boarding a Network Service typically involves Network Service (NS) and Network Function (NF) templates. NS templates define the overall structure and requirements of a network service, including its composition of various NFs and their interconnections. NF templates specify the configurations for individual network functions that are part of the service. Together, they enable the automated deployment and management of complex network services in a standardized manner.

 A logical space in the host’s operating system and B. Is in an isolated environment. A container is a software package that bundles an application and its dependencies, and runs as an isolated process in the host’s operating system1. Containers are lightweight, portable, and scalable, and can be deployed on any cloud infrastructure2. Unlike virtual machines (VMs), containers do not need a separate operating system or hypervisor, and share the kernel of the host3. However, containers have limited access to resources, as they are restricted by the host’s capabilities and the container runtime4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.2: Cloud Virtualization 2: Nokia Container Services, Overview 3: Nokia Cloud Platform, Overview 4: Containers vs. virtual machines: What’s the difference?, Comparison

Multi-tenancy network connectivity provides dedicated resources through network slicing. Network slicing is a technique that allows operators to create multiple logical networks over a shared physical infrastructure. Each network slice can have its own characteristics, such as bandwidth, latency, security, and quality of service, to meet the specific requirements of different applications and customers. Network slicing enables operators to offer customized and differentiated services to various tenants, such as enterprises, industries, and public sector organizations, while optimizing the utilization of network resources. Network slicing is one of the key features of 5G networks, as it supports the diverse and dynamic use cases of 5G, such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.2: Network Slicing.

Adaptability is the most critical benefit a cloud native deployment provides when deploying applications in complex and very low predictive environments. Cloud native applications are designed to be modular, scalable, resilient, and portable across different cloud platforms1. They can leverage the cloud features such as automation, orchestration, and service discovery to dynamically adjust to changing conditions and demands2. This enables them to cope with the complexity and unpredictability of the environments they operate in, such as edge computing, industrial automation, and smart cities3. Capability and reliability are also important benefits of cloud native deployment, but they are not the most critical ones. Capability refers to the ability to deliver high-performance and feature-rich applications that meet the user and businessneeds1. Reliability refers to the ability to ensure the availability and consistency of the applications despite failures or errors1. However, these benefits are not sufficient if the applications cannot adapt to the evolving and diverse scenarios they face in the real world. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Native applications design 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.5: Microservices and Containerization 3: Google Cloud, Nokia partner to accelerate cloud-native 5G3

The technology layer function supports automated service delivery by providing the necessary tools and mechanisms to orchestrate, monitor, and optimize the cloud resources and services. The technology layer function consists of four sub-functions: cloud management, cloud orchestration, cloud automation, and cloud analytics. These sub-functions work together to enable the efficient and flexible operation of the cloud ecosystem.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 11
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses | Nokia, Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features

 Security is crucial for data centers and their users because data centers store, process, and transmit large amounts of sensitive and valuable data for various organizations and individuals. Data centers face various security threats such as cyberattacks, natural disasters, human errors, power outages, etc. that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data and the services1. Therefore, data centers need to implement various security measures such as encryption, authentication, authorization, backup, firewall, antivirus, physical security, etc. to protect the data and the users from unauthorized access, data loss, data corruption, service disruption, etc2. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Networking Features 2: Data Center Security: What You Need to Know

The characteristics of traditional monolithic services are low scalability and fixed capacity. Monolithic services are applications that are built as a single unit, where all the components are tightly coupled and run in the same process. This makes them hard to scale, as they require more resources and coordination to handle increased demand. Monolithic services also have fixed capacity, as they are designed for a specific workload and cannot adapt to changing requirements or traffic patterns. Monolithic services are often slow to deploy, as they require updating the entire application for any change or improvement. References: [Cloud Native applications design], [Microservices and Containerization]

The “Stateless” service concept is indeed the most efficient for resource usage. In a stateless architecture, each request is treated as an independent transaction, unconnected to any previous request. This means that no state information is stored between transactions, which simplifies the design and scalability of systems. It allows for better resource utilization because there is no need to maintain state information over time, which can be resource-intensive. This approach aligns with the principles of RESTful services and is widely adopted in scalable web applications.

References: The concept of stateless services is a fundamental principle in distributed systems design, as discussed in the Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks learning resources. It is emphasized for its benefits in scalability and resource optimization.

Multitenancy in cloud computing defines a set of cloud resources shared by several customers. Multitenancy is a feature of cloud computing that allows multiple customers, or tenants, to use the same cloud infrastructure and services, such as servers, storage, network, and applications, while maintaining their own data and configuration. Multitenancy enables cloud providers to optimize the utilization and allocation of cloud resources, reduce the cost and complexity of cloud operations, and offer scalable and flexible services to different customers. Multitenancy also benefits customers by providing them with on-demand access to cloud resources, pay-per-use pricing models, and enhanced security and isolation. The other options are not correct definitions of multitenancy in cloud computing. A set of cloud resources isolated from each other is a single-tenant model, where each customer has its own dedicated cloud infrastructure and services. A set of cloud resources located in different data centers is a distributed cloud model, where cloud resources are spread across multiple physical locations to provide low latency, high availability, and local compliance. A set of cloud resources assigned to the same network slice is a network slicing model, where a logical network is created over a sharedphysical network to support specific applications and customers with customized performance, quality, and security. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.2: Cloud Characteristics.

Low latency is the mandatory key driver to consider for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment. Cloud RAN stands for Cloud Radio Access Network, which is a network architecture that centralizes the baseband processing of multiple radio sites in a cloud platform. vRAN stands for virtualized RAN, which is a network architecture that implements the baseband processing as software functions running on virtual machines or containers in a cloud platform. Both Cloud RAN and vRAN aim to improve the performance, efficiency, and flexibility of the radio access network by leveraging cloud technologies. Low latency refers to the minimal delay between the source and the destination of a data transmission, which affects the quality of service and user experience for various applications. Low latency is a critical requirement for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment, as it ensures the timely and reliable delivery of radio signals between the centralized cloud platform and the distributed radio sites. Low latency also enables Cloud RAN/vRAN to support new 5G use cases that demand ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, such as autonomous driving, remote surgery, and industrial automation. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Cloud RAN/vRAN.

Low latency is a mandatory key driver for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment due to the stringent requirements of real-time communication and processing in radio access networks. Low latency ensures that data transmission and processing occur with minimal delay, which is crucial for supporting high-speed, reliable communication necessary in modern wireless networks, especially with the advent of 5G technologies.

 Scalability and Openness are the focus of an agile data center. Scalability refers to the ability of a data center to adapt to changing demands and workloads by adding or removing resources dynamically. Openness refers to the use of open standards and interfaces that enable interoperability and integration of different technologies and vendors in a data center. An agile data center can provide flexible, efficient, and cost-effective services to customers and applications, while reducing operational complexity and overhead. Fixed Architecture and Closed Cloud System are not the focus of an agile data center. Fixed Architecture means a rigid and predefined structure of a data center that cannot be easily modified or customized. Closed Cloud System means a proprietary and isolated cloud platform that does not support compatibility or collaboration with other cloud platforms or services. A fixed architecture and a closed cloud system can limit the performance, functionality, and innovation of a data center, and increase the dependency and lock-in of customers and applications. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Agility.

To reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: The main advantage of development concepts such as DevOps and CI/CD used in cloud native applications is to reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. DevOps is a set of practices that aims to improve collaboration and communication between development and operations teams, and to automate and streamline the software delivery process. CI/CD is a subset of DevOps that focuses on continuous integration, continuous delivery, and continuous testing of software changes. By using these concepts, cloud native applications canachieve faster and more frequent releases, higher quality and reliability, lower costs and risks, and better customer satisfaction.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 3
• Catching the 5G train with CI/CD Services, paragraph 1
• Nokia unveils new 5G core deployment services to give operators better capabilities, paragraph 1

The approximate maximum distance of an Edge Cloud from the end-user is 300KM. Edge Cloud is a type of cloud deployment that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user, reducing latency and improving performance1. Edge Cloud can be located at various distances from the end-user, depending on the use case and the network topology2. However, the general range of distance for Edge Cloud is between 10KM and 300KM3. 10000KM, 5000KM, and 10Q0KM are too far to be considered as Edge Cloud, as they would introduce significant delays and inefficiencies in the network.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 4 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 15 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 16

 The standardization of network functions provides well defined interfaces and defined functional elements. Well defined interfaces are the specifications that describe how network functions communicate and interact with each other and with other networkcomponents. Defined functional elements are the components that perform specific tasks or functions within the network. By standardizing these aspects, network functions can achieve interoperability, compatibility, and modularity, which are essential for building and deploying network services.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 13
• Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide, DC3.2– Network Function, page 13